Liver and Hepatitis

When combined with a procedure called fine-needle aspiration, EUS allows your doctor to sample (biopsy) fluid and tissue from your abdomen or chest for analysis. EUS with fine-needle aspiration can be a minimally invasive alternative to exploratory surgery.EUS techniques are also used in certain treatments, such as draining pseudocysts.

Endoscope is a medical device which is a flexible tube with a light and camera attached to it, where Doctor used to examine a person’s gastrointestinal tract by Non-Surgical Procedure. Endoscopy is done to examine the cause of abnormal symptoms in the body, removal of small tissue samples for laboratory testing which is known as Endoscopic Biopsy. Endoscopy is of different types based on the area of the body they Investigate.

Hepatitis A, B, C and E virus will resolve on their own by hepatitis infections over several weeks or months. But severe cases of acute hepatitis B can be treated with antiviral drugs such as lamivudine. Chronic hepatitis B and C infections which do not get better on their own after a few months may be treated with antiviral medications such as pegylated interferon injections or oral antivirals such as lamivudine for hepatitis B or ribavirin for hepatitis C. However, ribavairin must be taken with peginterferon in order for it to be an effective treatment against hepatitis C. Although there is no vaccine for hepatitis D, the disease can still be prevented by vaccinating against hepatitis B. Liver transplants may be necessary if the liver is severely damaged.

Human liver physiology and the genetic etiology of the liver diseases can potentially be elucidated through the identification of proteins with enriched expression in the liver.  The combined data from RNA sequencing and antibody-based immunohistochemistry across all major human tissues explore the human liver proteome with enriched expression, as well as the cell type-enriched expression in hepatocyte and bile duct cells. Identification of the biological processes and metabolic functions associated with these proteins investigated their contribution in the occurrence of liver diseases, and identified potential targets for their treatment.

There is a higher genetic diversity in tumor cells which holds at the gene expression level. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a leading cause of death worldwide. The expression patterns in HCC were also readily differentiated from those associated with tumors metastatic to liver. The global gene expression patterns intrinsic to each tumor were sufficiently distinctive that multiple tumor nodules from the same patient could usually be recognized and distinguished from all the others in the large sample set on the basis of their gene expression patterns alone. Lines of evidence have revealed the existence and importance of cancer stem cells (CSCs) in carcinogenesis in the past decades. They are considered to be the root of cancers, and are responsible for tumor growth. Since the capacities of tumorigenicity, differentiation, self-renewal and chemo resistance of liver CD90+CSCs are governed by their distinctive genetic makeup and an array of gene expression changes in biological processes, elucidation of their molecular profile is important in understanding the characteristics of these cells.

Cancerous tumor that spread to the liver from a cancer that started in another place in the body is known as Liver metastasis. It is also called secondary liver cancer. Primary liver cancer initiates in the liver and commonly affects people who have risk factors such as hepatitis or cirrhosis. Mostly cancer in the liver is secondary, or metastatic. The cancer cells found in a metastatic liver tumor are not liver cells, they are from the part of the body where the primary cancer began.

It is not something you probably think much about, but your liver is a key player in your body's digestive system. Everything you eat or drink, including medicine passes through it. You need to treat it right so it can stay healthy and do its job. Eat a healthy diet and get regular exercise. Your liver will thank you. You'll keep your weight under control, which helps prevent nonalcoholic fatty liver disease a condition that leads to cirrhosis. Watch out for certain medicines. Some cholesterol drugs can occasionally have a side effect that causes liver problems. Alcoholic beverages can create many health problems. They can damage or destroy liver cells and scar your liver.

The exocrine part secretes pancreatic fluid in the duodenum after a meal as well as various types of hormones is secreted by endocrinal part. Pancreatic enzymes help in breaking down fats, proteins and carbohydrates. Pancreatic fluid contains pancreatic enzymes which help in digestion and bicarbonate to neutralize stomach acid which enters the small intestine. Pancreatic enzymes include glucagon, insulin, preproinsulin, proglucagon, somatostatin, vasoactive intestinal peptide elevated pancreatic enzymes

Treatment for pancreatitis generally requires hospitalization. Once your condition is soothed in the hospital and inflammation in the pancreas is controlled, doctors can treat the underlying cause of your pancreatitis. Ordinarily, most pain can be relieved with OTC medications, such as ibuprofen and acetaminophen. Some patients may need narcotics. In a few cases, In the place of blockages, surgery or ERCP may open the blocked ducts or remove part of the pancreas.

Complication of Liver disease that involves loss of Liver cells and irreversible scarring of the liver is known as Cirrhosis. For treating patients with advanced cirrhosis transplantation of the liver is an important option. There is no constant cure for cirrhosis of liver, and for some people the diagnosis is poor. The life expectancy for advanced cirrhosis is 6 months to 2 years although they depends on difficulties of cirrhosis, and if there is no donor available for liver transplantation the life expectancy for people with cirrhosis and alcoholic hepatitis can be as high as 50%. Complications of cirrhosis include: Spontaneous bacterial, Peritonitis, Bleeding from varices, Hepatorenal syndrome, and Hepatopulmonary syndrome. People with cirrhosis may have few symptoms or no symptoms at all.

Liver transplantation is a procedure which replaces a patient's diseased liver with a whole or partial healthy liver from another person. The liver is an important organ in the body. It promotes several critical functions that includes metabolism of drugs and toxins, removing degradation products of normal body metabolism and synthesis of many important proteins and enzymes. No other device or machine reliably performs all of the functions of the liver.  Transplantation is done in two cases they are Acute Liver Failure and Chronic Liver Failure.  Although medications can decrease the symptoms caused by the liver failure, liver transplantation is the only permanent cure.

Hepatobiliary and pancreatic disorders are few common disorders of the digestive system. The hepato pancreato biliary system has a complex embryological development and is subject to anomalies which may sometimes have deleterious implications on the body physiology, besides being associated with a spectrum of acquired problems that require specialized training to tackle surgically.  Disorders of Pancreas include acute pancreatitis, hereditary pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer. surgical procedures performed in General Surgery and require a high degree of expertise and skill.

Liver cancer is an uncommon but serious type of cancer. The different types of cells in the liver can form several types of malignant (cancerous) and benign (non-cancerous) tumors. These tumors have different causes with different treatments and have a different prognosis (outlook).

Primary Liver cancer includes

• Hepatocellular carcinoma
• Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma
• Angiosarcoma and hemangiosarcoma
• Hepatoblastoma

Secondary cancer in the liver happens when cancer cells spread to the liver from a primary cancer somewhere else in the body. Which includes Metastatic liver cancer. The cause of secondary cancer in the liver is constantly a primary cancer somewhere else in the body, but most cases are associated with damage and scarring of the liver known as cirrhosis.

The response that happens when liver cells are assaulted by a sickness bringing on microorganisms. The word hepatitis alludes to liver inflammation. Harm to the liver from liquor, toxins, and certain medications can similarly bring out the inflammation. The special connection between the liver and the immune system is Liver Immunology. Liver may be suffered while keeping the dismissal of other organ unites from a similar benefactor which is known as immune tolerance.

Histological studies of liver biopsy in nonfatal cases prior to the treatment showed fat building up within the hepatocytes, bile duct endothelium, epithelium and kupffer cells which contains the portal macrophages.  The nonfatal forms are classified as acute, persistent, or recurrent. Whereas the fatal forms include fulminant viral hepatitis, sub chronic (sub-acute) atrophy, and posthepatitic cirrhosis. The liver plays as the filtration ground of absorbed intestinal luminal contents that are particularly susceptible to microbial antigens.

It is the inflammation of liver caused by alcohol consumption over an extended period of time is Alcoholic Hepatitis.

Due to the alteration in the biochemical pathways, metabolic disease occurs in human body and this is normally because of an autosomal recessive gene. This disorder leads to weight loss, jaundice, injury and dullness which finally show the presence of diseases like Diabetes Mellitus, Obesity, and Gaucher’s disease in the individual. In some cases irregular metabolic mechanisms clues to liver cancer with cirrhosis being its backbone causative factor. Liver cancer is the sixth leading cancer worldwide with increasing mortality rate year by year.

The effect of non-neoplastic or neoplastic disorder on liver defines Hepatobiliary diseases. They affect the biliary tract or the liver. Representative examples of non-neoplastic disorders include hepatitis, cirrhosis, cholangitis, and cholecystitis. Representative examples of neoplastic disorders include hepatocellular adenoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, bile ducts, and gallbladder.

Type2 diabetes and liver Cancer goes hand in hand with the mechanism and complications. The risk of liver cancer is higher in people with Type 2 Diabetes than people with Diabetes Type 1. An advance feasible natural instrument for the affiliation between diabetes and liver cancer is that up to 80% of individuals with diabetes type 2 are thought to have non-alcoholic fatty liver illness which increments hazard of cirrhosis and consequent Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC).

Modifiable

Obesity is the most strongly associated risk factor for the development of type 2 diabetes. It is associated with approximately double the risk of cancer of the liver compared to people who are of normal weight according to a meta-analysis. Obesity is associated with increased prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease which in turn increases the risk of liver inflammation, cirrhosis and HCC.

Non-modifiable

Cumulative age and male sex increase risk of both diabetes and HCC and may confound the association between the two condition

It is a disorder where so much of iron builds up in our body. Sometimes it is called “iron overload.” Normally, intestines absorb the right amount of iron from the foods we eat. But in hemochromatosis, our body absorbs too much, and it has no way to get rid of it. our body stocks the surplus iron in our joints and in organs like  heart, liver  and pancreas. Hemochromatosis damages them. If it’s not treated, it can make our organs stop working. Primary hemochromatosis is hereditary. There is a chance of having a higher risk of getting the disorder. Secondary hemochromatosis happens due to the conditions which include: certain kinds of anemia, Liver disease, getting lot of blood transfusions.

Pancreatitis is inflammation in pancreas. Pancreatitis can be an acute (short-term) or chronic (long-term) condition. Acute pancreatitis is a sudden inflammation that lasts for a short time. It may lead from mild discomfort to a life-threatening illness. Most people with acute pancreatitis recover completely after the attainment of right treatment. Chronic pancreatitis often happens after an episode of acute pancreatitis. Heavy alcohol consumption is major cause which leads to chronic pancreatitis, it may not show symptoms for many years, but then the person may suddenly develop severe pancreatitis symptoms such as swollen and tender abdomen, upper abdominal pain, nausea, increased heart rate. Other disorders of pancreas include endocrine and exocrine syndromes

Hepatitis arises due to the inflammation in liver tissues due to infection by virus which can harm the organ that may further leads to cirrhosis, fibrosis and liver cancer .The 5 main hepatitis viruses are referred to as types A, B, C, D and E. They are of extreme concern due to the problem of illness and death they cause and the potential for outbreaks and epidemic spread. In particular, The most common and Acute which causes in children is Hepatitis A. Types B and C clue to chronic disease in hundreds of millions of people and composed of the most common cause of liver cirrhosis and cancer. The three types of hepatitis are Toxic, Alcohol and viral Hepatitis. Symptoms of Hepatitis are fever, fatigue, loss of appetite. Treatment options are determined by which type of hepatitis is present and whether the infection is acute or chronic.